Remote Sensing and Transformer-based Soil Quality Prediction using AI models (Precision Agriculture Review, 2024).

In early 2026, the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Transformer-based AI models has set a new benchmark in precision agriculture. According to the Precision Agriculture Review (2024) and recent 2025 updates, Transformers have largely superseded traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for large-scale soil quality prediction due to their superior “Global Receptive Field.”

🧠 1. The Transformer Advantage: Global Context

Traditional CNNs analyze images pixel-by-pixel in small local windows, often missing broader landscape patterns (topography, drainage, or geological trends).

• Self-Attention Mechanism: Transformers use “self-attention” to weigh the importance of every pixel in a satellite scene simultaneously. This allows the model to understand how a soil patch in one corner of a field relates to a water body or slope miles away.
• Long-Range Dependencies: For soil quality, global trends are vital. 2024 research confirms that Vision Transformers (ViTs) can model these long-range dependencies, achieving prediction accuracies between 92% and 97% for soil moisture and nutrient content.

🛰️ 2. Leading Models in 2026

Recent studies (including IEEE Access and MDPI, 2024-2025) have introduced specialized architectures for soil analysis:

A. MMVT (Multi-Modal Vision Transformer)

This model fuses multiple “data streams” into a single attention-based network:

• Inputs: Multispectral satellite imagery (Sentinel-2/Landsat), LiDAR-derived terrain models, and historical climate data.
• Output: High-resolution (10-meter) maps of soil particle size (Sand, Silt, Clay) with an $R^2$ of 0.74.